. que tinha doutorado em física e em teologia, e que definia ciência quase exclusivamente à física, se esta se detivesse apenas em questões quantitativas. O resto das disciplinas lidava com questões filosóficas e deveria evitar considerações com previsões matemáticas (estou resumindo o pensamento dele, leiam a obra extensa dele para entender). Jaki está no patamar de Copérnico, Mendel e Lemaitre em matéria de católicos que foram cientistas.
Em todo caso, como católico que possui PhD, eu me interesso por pesquisas científicas de ciências naturais ou sociais, especialmente aquelas relacionadas à teologia.
Muito recentemente, eu tenho acompanhado pesquisas biológicas muito modernas que mostram que as espécies da vida terrestre nasceram todas muito próximas no tempo, em pequeníssimo espaço do tempo. Isso derruba completamente a evolução de Darwin (se bem que muitos outros cientistas já derrubaram Darwin em diferentes aspectos sem precisar dessa pesquisa recente).
sobre top 7 casos em que a ciência está confirmando o que diz a Bíblia.
É bem interessante. Nada está confirmado, nem quando a ciência nega a Bíblia, nem quando aparece aceitá-la, em todo caso, eu gosto do assunto. E o Smith Scott traz um análise interessante.
Eu vou colocar aqui a parte da genética (item 2), vejam o resto clicando no link do Scott Smith. Se tiver algum biólogo aqui gostaria de ouvir a opinião de vocês:
Y-Chromosome Adam &
Mitochondrial Eve: Is Science Confirming Genesis?
First, they said Genesis, Eden, and Adam and Eve were just a "miserable
myth". Then something strange started to happen ...
Evidence started to stack up that all mankind originated in the same place: the
"Out of Africa" model. Genesis was still just a myth though regarding
our common ancestry through Adam and Eve. Then something strange started
to happen ...
Genetic evidence started to stack up for a common matrilineal ancestor:
"Mitochondrial Eve" or mt-Eve, mt-MRCA. Genesis was still just a myth
though regarding Adam. Then something strange started
to happen ...
Genetic evidence started to stack up
for a common patrilineal ancestor: "Y-chromosome Adam" or Y-MRCA.
Genesis was still just a myth though because Adam and Eve were still separated
by huge gulfs of time, if not geography and distance. Then something strange started to happen ...
Evidence began to stack up that Adam and Eve may have lived on the planet at
the same time. But Genesis was still just a myth because Adam and Eve were
certainly not the only humans around at the time and certainly never met. Then something strange started to happen ...
Can you guess where this is headed?
Science's
Unsuccessful Assassination of Adam and Eve
G. K. Chesterton begins Orthodoxy by describing a man who sets sail from
England to discover a new land. The adventurer accidentally gets turned around
and returns to England, but he believes it to be the new land he had sought to
discover. The adventurer finds himself looking at familiar things as if seeing
them for the first time.
Science, in the person of Charles
Darwin, set sail from England on the H.M.S. Beagle in 1831. A very similar
adventure followed. Science quickly abandoned the reigning conception of
mankind's origin in the common ancestors of Adam and Eve.
Roger Ingersoll, "The Great Agnostic" orator of the 19th century,
said that after Darwin and Huxley, "The Garden of Eden faded away, Adam
and Eve fell back to dust, the snake crawled into the grass, and Jehovah became
a miserable myth."
Common
Ancestry is Important! One Common Human Family
It should be noted that there is
something profoundly anti-racist about the entire human race originating with
Adam and Eve. This means were all one family!
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (par. 842) makes this point regarding the Church and
non-Christians:
All nations form but one community.
This is so because all stem from the one stock which God created
to people the entire earth, and also because all share a common
destiny, namely God. His providence, evident goodness, and saving designs
extend to all against the day when the elect are gathered together in the holy
city.
Not only does this render racism ridiculous. Our common origin speaks to our
common destination.
From
Polygenism to Monogenism: Just how many Adams were running around?
In the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, however, science had a big problem believing that all races had a
common origin. People just couldn't or believe that blacks and whites were
descended from the same ancestors.
This belief in multiple ancestors is
called Polygenism. The predominant strain
of polygenism was Co-Adamism which can be traced back to Paracelsus in
1520[1] and even to the Roman Emperor Julian
the Apostate.[2] Co-Adamism is the claim that there were multiple
Adams or small groups of men, which were created at the same time but in
different places around the globe. This is how the different races would have
been separately created.
Notice that we're going back to the 1500s and 300s. It should be no surprise
that the science of man's origins pre-dates Charles Darwin by a long shot.
Polygenism has traditionally been a
belief of non-Christians, as it appears to contradict the Bible. The Church,
through the findings of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, explicitly rejected the
idea of polygenism in 1909.
Multi-Regional
Hypothesis to "Out of Africa" Theory
The rejection of common ancestors was the scientific standard model
until the time of Darwin. Over time the various threads of polygenism coalesced
into the Multi-Regional Hypothesis (MRH) or the polycentric hypothesis.
MRH and polygenism persists even to this day.[3] This may be because the
opposite of polygenism, monogenism, comes far too close for comfort to the
original Biblical understanding.
However, the predominating scientific theory of human origins is now the
"Out of Africa" Theory. This is the theory that our species
originally came "Out of Africa" and that such happened fairly
recently.
Darwin was an early proponent of the
"Out of Africa" Theory. Darwin wrote in the Descent of Man that "it is somewhat more
probable that our early progenitors lived on the African continent than
elsewhere."
The "Out of Africa" theory
was later confirmed by anthropologists' discovery of fossils of small-brained
hominids in East Africa, such as the Leakey's discoveries in Olduvai
Gorge, Tanzania.
Mitochondrial
Eve: Genetic science weighs in
We receive our mitochondrial DNA from
our mothers. Mitochondrial Eve, therefore, is the most recent woman from whom
all living humans descend in an unbroken line traced back by their
mitochondrial DNA purely through their mothers. Eventually, all the lines trace
back to one woman: Mitochondrial Eve.
In 1987, research from Allan Wilson,
Mark Stoneking, Rebecca L. Cann and Wesley M. Brown was published in Nature. This was the first demonstration of the
existence of Mitochondrial Eve. Wilson, Stoneking, Cann, and Brown found that
mutation in our mitochondrial DNA happened unexpectedly fast and much faster
than that of nuclear DNA.
After analysing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 147 people from around the world
and charting their genetic relationships, they were able to construct
a molecular clock. A molecular clock is a tool used to
calculate when lifeform's lineage diverged. They used the molecular clock to
estimate Mitochondrial Eve's age.
Studies keep coming out with new estimates of when Mitochondrial Eve would have
lived. For example, here's a 2010 Rice University study, estimating that
Mitochondrial Eve lived about 200,000 years ago. Here's a 2013 international study published in Current Biology, estimating that Mitochondrial Eve
lived about 120,000-197,000 years ago.
Y-Chromosome
Adam
First off, women have two
X-chromosomes. A woman's genotype is XX. Men have one X-chromosome and one
Y-chromosome. A man's genotype is XY.
Men have just one son on average. Evolutionary theory predicts that for any
given man there is a high probability that his paternal line will eventually
come to an end. That is to say, one of a man's grandsons, great-grandsons, etc.
will eventually not have a son. Just ask King Henry VIII about trying to get a
male heir.
Once the line of direct male heirs ends, all of a man's male descendants
thereafter will have inherited their Y chromosome from other men. In fact, it
is highly probable that at some point in the past, all men except one possessed Y chromosomes that by now are
extinct. All men living now, then, would have a Y chromosome descended from
that one man. This is Y-chromosome Adam.
Mitochondrial
Eve and Y-Chromosome Adam could have co-existed
At first it was assumed that
Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosome Adam were separated by a vast gulf of time.
Then further scientific studies found something strange ...
Two recent studies of the age of Y-Chromosome Adam have yielded an age very
close to Mitochondrial Eve's. These studies by Bustamante and Francalacci have
concluded that "genetic Adam and Eve did not live too far apart in
time."
Carolos Bustamante, a population
geneticist at the Stanford University School of Medicine in California, led a
team that sequenced the Y chromosomes of 69 males from around the world and
uncovered about 9,000 previously unknown DNA sequence variations. According to
the journal Nature, they used these variations
"to create a more reliable molecular clock and found that Adam lived
between 120,000 and 156,000 years ago." Analyzing the same men's mtDNA
sequences suggested that Eve lived between 99,000 and 148,000 years
ago.[4]
A similar study by Francalacci of men
on the island of Sardinia also suggested that Adam lived 180,000–200,000 years
ago, similar to estimates of Eve’s age.[5]
Conclusion:
Science moves from no where near Eden to next-door neighbors
At first, scientific and evolutionary
theories - polygenism, co-Adamism, and Multi-Regional Hypothesis (MRH) -
believed that the human race had no common origin whatsoever, whether from a
certain location, like Eden, or certain common ancestors, like Adam and
Eve.
Then, anthropologists discovered that
mankind likely originated in a specific region of eastern Africa:
Anthropological Eden.
Then, geneticists discovered a common
female ancestor: Mitochondrial Eve.
Then, geneticists discovered a common
male ancestor: Y-Chromosome Adam.
Then, geneticists discovered that our
two common ancestors might have lived at the same time.
Summary: science has confirmed that
mankind has common ancestors, one male and one female, from the same time and
place.
Wow, that sounds pretty close to what
Genesis told us 4,000 years ago.
EXTRA:
Archaeological Evidence for the Immortal Soul: Why would Homo Sapiens (humans)
develop art and not other hominids?
To return to G. K. Chesterton for a
moment, he said that "Art is the signature of man." Is there a
connection between the capacity to behold and create beauty and the immortal
soul? Perhaps we might see such a connection by comparing our ancestor to
Neanderthals, our non-human cousins.
40,000 years ago, Homo sapiens had plentiful art, musical
instruments, and specialized tools, such as sewing needles. Neanderthals likely
didn’t even have sewn clothing - interestingly, Adam & Eve immediately
started sewing clothing following the Fall. Instead of sewn clothing, Neanderthals
would have merely draped themselves with skins.[6]
And, despite evidence that between
1–5% of the human genome might be derived from human-Neanderthal matings, the
Neanderthals went extinct as a species while we flourished.[7] Such matings
might make one think of the nephilim of
Genesis 6:1-4, who resulted from the mating of the "sons of God" and
the "daughters of men", thought to be the descendants of Seth and
Cain, respectively.
Mitochondrial
Eve: Genetics Confirming Genesis? Sources Cited:
[1] Graves, Joseph, The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the
Millennium, Rutgers University Press, 2003, p. 25.
[2] Co-Adamism is also found in some
Greco-Roman literature, including the Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate. In
Julian's "Letter to a Priest," he wrote that he believed Zeus made
multiple creations of man and women. In his Against the Galilaens, Julian
presented his reasoning for this belief. Julian had noticed that the Germanics
and Scythians were different in their bodies and complexion to the Africans.
[3] Scattered proponents of
polygenism remained well into the 20th century. Carleton Coon, for example,
thought as late as 1962 that H. sapiens arose
five times from H. erectus in five places.
[4] Poznik, G. D. et al. Science 341, 562–565 (2013).
[5] Francalacci, P. et al. Science
341, 565–569 (2013).
[6] Pagel M., Wired for culture: origins of the human social mind, WW
Norton & Company; 2012.
[7] Kuhlwilm M, Gronau I, Hubisz MJ,
de Filippo C, Prado-Martinez J, Kircher M, et al. Ancient gene flow from early
modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals, Nature, 2016;
530(7591):429–33. doi: 10.1038/nature16544.